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A to Z Disease List

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Alphabetic Order:

  • Abdominal aortic aneurysm

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Abdominal hernias

    • Digestive System

  • Achalasia

    • Digestive System (Esophagus)

  • Achilles tendon rupture

    • Muscular System (Skeletal Muscles)
    • Skeletal System (Tendons connect muscles to bones)

  • Acid-base disorders

    • Urinary System (Kidneys play a crucial role in acid-base balance)
    • Respiratory System (Lungs help regulate acid-base balance through CO2 exchange)
    • Blood (Carries acids and bases throughout the body)

  • Acne vulgaris

    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Acoustic neuroma

    • Nervous System (Peripheral Nerves)
    • Sensory System (Ears)

  • Acquired diaphragmatic hernias

    • Digestive System (Can involve stomach, intestines)
    • Respiratory System (Can impact lung function)

  • Acromegaly

    • Endocrine System (Pituitary Gland)
    • Skeletal System (Excessive growth hormone can affect bones)

  • Actinomycosis

    • Multiple possible systems: Integumentary (Skin),Respiratory (Lungs),Digestive (Abdomen),Reproductive (Pelvis)

  • Acute abdomen

    • Digestive System (Often indicates issues with digestive organs)

  • Acute appendicitis

    • Digestive System (Appendix)

  • Acute bronchitis

    • Respiratory System (Bronchi)

  • Acute coronary syndrome

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Acute kidney injury

    • Urinary System (Kidneys)

  • Acute leukemia

    • Immune System (White blood cells)
    • Blood (Leukemia cells originate in bone marrow and circulate in the blood)

  • Acute limb ischemia

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Acute otitis media

    • Sensory System (Ears)

  • Acute pancreatitis

    • Digestive System (Pancreas)

  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome

    • Respiratory System (Lungs)

  • Acute tonsillitis

    • Lymphatic System (Tonsils)

  • Acyanotic congenital heart defects

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Adaptive immune system

    • Immune System

  • Adenoid hypertrophy

    • Lymphatic System (Adenoids)
    • Respiratory System (Can obstruct breathing)

  • Adipose tissue

    • Connective Tissue (While not a traditional organ system, adipose tissue is widespread and has important functions)

  • Adrenal gland

    • Endocrine System

  • Adrenal insufficiency

    • Endocrine System (Adrenal Glands)

  • African trypanosomiasis

    • Immune System (Parasite evades immune defenses)
    • Cardiovascular System (Can affect the heart)
    • Nervous System (Can cause neurological symptoms)

  • Age-related macular degeneration

    • Sensory System (Eyes)

  • Aging changes

    • Affects multiple organ systems

  • Airways and lungs

    • Respiratory System

  • Alcohol-related disorders

    • Digestive System (Liver, Stomach, Pancreas)
    • Nervous System (Brain)
    • Cardiovascular (Heart)

  • Alcoholic liver disease

    • Digestive System (Liver)

  • Alopecia

    • Integumentary System (Hair)

  • Alport syndrome

    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
    • Sensory System (Ears, Eyes)

  • Alzheimer disease

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Amebiasis

    • Digestive System (Intestines)

  • Amyloidosis

    • Multiple Systems: Can affect the Cardiovascular System (Heart),Urinary System (Kidneys),Nervous System, Digestive System, and others

  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

    • Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves)
    • Muscular System (Motor neurons controlling muscles)

  • Anal abscess and fistula

    • Digestive System (Anus and Rectum)

  • Anal cancer

    • Digestive System (Anus)

  • Anal fissures

    • Digestive System (Anus)

  • Anemia

    • Blood
    • Immune System (Depending on the type of anemia)

  • Aneurysm

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Angioedema

    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Immune System (Often an allergic reaction)

  • Ankle fracture

    • Skeletal System (Bones)

  • Ankylosing spondylitis

    • Skeletal System (Joints)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune in nature)

  • Anomalies of the female genital tract

    • Reproductive System (Female)

  • Antepartum hemorrhage

    • Reproductive System (Female)

  • Anthrax

    • Multiple Systems: Integumentary (Skin),Respiratory (Lungs),Digestive (if ingested)

  • Antifungals

    • Not a disease, but medications targeting fungi, which can affect various systems

  • Antihistamines

    • Not a disease, but medications. They primarily affect the Immune System (histamine response) and can have effects on the Nervous System (drowsiness in some cases).

  • Antiphospholipid syndrome

    • Immune System (Autoimmune disorder)
    • Blood (Affects clotting factors)

  • Antiplatelet agents

    • Not a disease, but medications primarily affecting the Blood (clotting mechanism)

  • Antipsychotics

    • Not a disease, but medications primarily impacting the Nervous System (Brain)

  • Antithyroid drugs

    • Not a disease, but medications targeting the Endocrine System (Thyroid Gland)

  • Antiviral agents

    • Not a disease, but medications designed to fight viruses, with actions on various systems depending on the virus targeted.

  • Anxiety Disorders

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Aortic Dissection

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Aortic Regurgitation

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Aortic Valve Stenosis

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Aphthous Stomatitis

    • Digestive System (Mouth)

  • Arterial blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry

    • Not a disease, but diagnostic techniques assessing Respiratory System (Lungs) and Cardiovascular System (blood oxygenation)

  • Asbestosis

    • Respiratory System (Lungs)

  • Ascites

    • Digestive System (Often a consequence of liver disease, fluid accumulation in the abdomen)

  • Aspergillosis

    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Fungal infection, especially in those with weakened immunity)

  • Asplenia

    • Lymphatic System (Spleen)
    • Immune System (Increased susceptibility to infections)

  • Asthma

    • Respiratory System (Bronchi, Lungs)
    • Immune System (Often has an allergic component)

  • Astrocytoma

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Atelectasis

    • Respiratory System (Lungs)

  • Atherosclerosis

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Atopic Dermatitis

    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Immune System (Allergic component)

  • Atrial Fibrillation

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Atrioventricular Block

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Atrophic Gastritis

    • Digestive System (Stomach)

  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Autoantibodies in Rheumatic Diseases

    • Immune System (Autoimmune component)
    • Skeletal System (Joints)
    • Muscular System (Depending on the specific disease)

  • Autoimmune Blistering Diseases

    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune attack on skin components)

  • Autoimmune Hepatitis

    • Digestive System (Liver)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune attack on liver cells)

  • Autonomic Nervous System

    • Nervous System (sub-division controlling involuntary functions)

  • Back muscles

    • Muscular System (Skeletal Muscles)

  • Bacterial gastroenteritis

    • Digestive System (Stomach, Intestines)

  • Bartholin gland cyst and abscess

    • Reproductive System (Female - Bartholin glands)

  • Basal cell carcinoma

    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Benign bone tumors

    • Skeletal System (Bones)

  • Benign breast conditions

    • Reproductive System (Female - Breasts)

  • Benign liver tumors and hepatic cysts

    • Digestive System (Liver)

  • Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

    • Sensory System (Ears – inner ear balance mechanism)

  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

    • Reproductive System (Male - Prostate)
    • Urinary System (Can obstruct urinary flow)

  • Benign skin lesions

    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Beta blockers

    • Not a disease, but a class of medications primarily affecting the Cardiovascular System (Heart, Blood Vessels) and Nervous System.

  • Beta-2 adrenergic agonists

    • Not a disease, but a class of medications primarily affecting the Respiratory System (Bronchi) and having some effects on the Cardiovascular System.

  • Biceps tendon tear

    • Muscular System (Skeletal Muscles)
    • Skeletal System (Tendons)

  • Biliary cancer

    • Digestive System (Bile ducts, Gallbladder)

  • Bipolar disorder

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Birth traumas

    • Can affect various systems depending on the nature of the trauma (Nervous System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, etc.)

  • Bisphosphonates

    • Not a disease, but a class of medications affecting the Skeletal System (Bones).

  • Bladder exstrophy, abnormalities of the male urethra, and webbed penis

    • Urinary System (Bladder, Urethra)
    • Reproductive System (Male - Penis)

  • Blood vessels

    • Cardiovascular System

  • Blunt trauma

    • Can affect multiple organ systems depending on the location and severity of the injury.

  • Bone scan

    • Not a disease, but a diagnostic imaging technique primarily assessing the Skeletal System.

  • Bone tissue

    • Skeletal System

  • Botulism

    • Nervous System (Affects nerves controlling muscles)
    • Muscular System (Can cause paralysis)

  • Bowel obstruction

    • Digestive System (Intestines)

  • Bowel surgery

    • Not a disease, but a surgical procedure involving the Digestive System (Intestines).

  • Brain abscess

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Brain tumors

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Breast cancer

    • Reproductive System (Female - Breasts)

  • Bronchiectasis

    • Respiratory System (Bronchi)

  • Bronchiolitis

    • Respiratory System (Bronchioles - smaller airways in the lungs)

  • Brucellosis

    • Multiple Systems: Can affect the Lymphatic System, Reproductive System, Skeletal System, and others.

  • Budd-Chiari syndrome

    • Digestive System (Liver)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – hepatic veins)

  • Bulbar palsy and pseudobulbar palsy

    • Nervous System (Brain, nerves controlling speech and swallowing muscles)

  • Burns

    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Can affect deeper tissues and other systems depending on severity

  • Calcium channel blockers

    • Not a disease, but a medication class primarily affecting the Cardiovascular System (Heart, Blood Vessels)

  • Candidiasis

    • Can affect multiple systems:
      • Integumentary System (Skin, Mouth)
      • Digestive System (Esophagus, if severe)
      • Reproductive System (Vaginal yeast infections)

  • Carbohydrates

    • Not a disease, but nutrients important for energy. Digestion and metabolism involve multiple organ systems.

  • Carcinoid tumor

    • Can arise in various locations:
      • Digestive System (Intestines, Appendix)
      • Respiratory System (Lungs)

  • Carcinoma of the penis

    • Reproductive System (Male - Penis)

  • Cardiac catheterization

    • Not a disease, but a diagnostic/interventional procedure involving the Cardiovascular System (Heart, Blood Vessels).

  • Cardiac glycosides

    • Not a disease, but medications affecting the Cardiovascular System (Heart).

  • Cardiac myxoma

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Cardiac physiology

    • Not a disease, but the study of normal heart function, relevant to understanding Cardiovascular System diseases.

  • Cardiomyopathy

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

    • Not a disease, but a life-saving technique involving Cardiovascular System (Heart) and Respiratory System (Lungs).

  • Cardiovascular examination

    • Not a disease, but assessment techniques primarily focused on the Cardiovascular System.

  • Carotid artery stenosis

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Carotid-cavernous fistula

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)
    • Nervous System (Affects nerves and blood flow around the eye)

  • Carpal tunnel syndrome

    • Nervous System (Peripheral Nerves)
    • Muscular System (Affects hand muscles)

  • Cartilage

    • Skeletal System

  • Cataract

    • Sensory System (Eyes)

  • Celiac disease

    • Digestive System (Small Intestine)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune reaction)

  • Cellular changes and adaptive responses

    • Not a specific disease, but describes processes that can occur in any organ system in response to stress or injury.

  • Cerebellar syndromes

    • Nervous System (Cerebellum)

  • Cerebellum

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Cerebral palsy

    • Nervous System (Brain)
    • Muscular System (Affects muscle control)

  • Cerebral venous thrombosis

    • Nervous System (Brain)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Cerebrovascular system

    • Nervous System (Brain)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels supplying the brain)

  • Cervical cancer

    • Reproductive System (Female - Cervix)

  • Cervical myelopathy

    • Nervous System (Spinal Cord)

  • Cervical osteopathy

    • Skeletal System (Neck region)

  • Chagas disease

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)
    • Digestive System (Can affect esophagus and colon)

  • Chalk Talk Library

    • Not a disease, but likely a medical education resource

  • Chancroid

    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Reproductive System (Genitals)

  • Chapman reflex points

    • Not a disease or a widely recognized medical concept. Might relate to alternative medicine practices.

  • Chemotherapeutic agents

    • Not a disease. Medications targeting cancer cells, with potential effects on various systems depending on the drug.

  • Chest pain

    • Symptom, not a specific disease. Can arise from issues with:
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart)
      • Respiratory System (Lungs)
      • Digestive System (Esophagus)
      • Muscular System (Chest wall muscles)

  • Chest wall

    • Muscular System (Muscles of the chest)
    • Skeletal System (Ribs, Sternum)

  • Chickenpox

    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)

  • Child development and milestones

    • Not a disease, but the study of normal physical and mental development, relevant to identifying developmental disorders in various organ systems.

  • Child maltreatment

    • Not a disease, but a form of abuse with potential physical and psychological consequences affecting multiple systems.

  • Childbirth

    • Not a disease, but a physiological process involving the Reproductive System (Female),Muscular System, and others.

  • Chlamydia infections

    • Reproductive System (Male and Female)
    • Urinary System (Can cause urethritis)

  • Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine

    • Not a disease, but medications used to treat malaria and some autoimmune diseases. Can have side effects on multiple systems, including the eyes.

  • Choanal atresia

    • Respiratory System (Nasal Passages)

  • Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis

    • Digestive System (Gallbladder, Bile Ducts)

  • Cholesteatoma

    • Sensory System (Ears)

  • Chorioamnionitis, neonatal infection, and omphalitis

    • Reproductive System (Female - During pregnancy)
    • Immune System (Infection in newborn)
    • Integumentary System (Omphalitis - navel infection in newborn)

  • Chromosomal aberrations

    • Not a specific disease, but abnormalities in chromosomes, which can lead to various disorders affecting multiple systems.

  • Chronic kidney disease

    • Urinary System (Kidneys)

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

    • Blood (White Blood Cells)
    • Immune System (Lymphatic System)

  • Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

    • Blood (White Blood Cells)
    • Immune System (Lymphatic System)

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

    • Respiratory System (Lungs)

  • Chronic otitis media

    • Sensory System (Ears)

  • Chronic pancreatitis

    • Digestive System (Pancreas)

  • Chronic venous disease

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels - Veins)

  • Cirrhosis

    • Digestive System (Liver)

  • Citric acid cycle

    • Not a disease, but a metabolic pathway within cells, important for energy production. Occurs in various organ systems.

  • Clavicle fracture

    • Skeletal System (Bones)

  • Cleft lip and cleft palate

    • Digestive System (Mouth)
    • Respiratory System (Potential breathing difficulties)

  • Clostridioides difficile infection

    • Digestive System (Large Intestine)

  • Cluster headache

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Collection of dermatological disorders

    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Collection of orthopedic conditions

    • Skeletal System
    • Muscular System

  • Collection of zoonotic diseases

    • Immune System (Infections transmitted from animals to humans, potentially affecting various organ systems)

  • Colonic polyps

    • Digestive System (Large Intestine)

  • Colorectal cancer

    • Digestive System (Large Intestine)

  • Compartment syndrome

    • Muscular System (Muscles within a confined space)
    • Cardiovascular System (Can compromise blood flow)
    • Nervous System (Can damage nerves)

  • Complete spinal cord injury

    • Nervous System (Spinal Cord)

  • Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)

    • Nervous System (Affects pain nerves)
    • Can also affect the Integumentary (skin) and Skeletal Systems in some cases.

  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

    • Endocrine System (Adrenal Glands)

  • Congenital anomalies of the kidneys

    • Urinary System (Kidneys)

  • Congenital diaphragmatic hernias

    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Digestive System (Can involve stomach, intestines)

  • Congenital immunodeficiency disorders

    • Immune System

  • Congenital neck masses

    • Can involve multiple systems depending on the type of mass:
      • Lymphatic System
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Endocrine System (Thyroid)

  • Congenital TORCH infections

    • Immune System (Infections affecting a fetus or newborn, impacting multiple systems)

  • Congenital visceral malformations

    • Affects various internal organs, depending on the specific malformation (Digestive System, Cardiovascular System, etc.)

  • Congestive heart failure

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Conjunctivitis

    • Sensory System (Eyes)

  • Connective tissue

    • Not a disease, but a widespread tissue type providing support (found in many organ systems)

  • Connective tissue diseases

    • Immune System (Often autoimmune in nature)
    • Can affect multiple systems, including:
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Skeletal System (Joints)
      • Muscular System
      • Cardiovascular System

  • Conservative treatment of fractures

    • Not a disease, but treatment approaches for Skeletal System injuries (bones).

  • Constipation

    • Digestive System (Large Intestine)

  • Corneal disorders

    • Sensory System (Eyes)

  • Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

    • Not a disease, but a surgical procedure for Cardiovascular System (Heart).

  • Coronary artery disease

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Cough

    • Symptom, not a specific disease. Often related to the Respiratory System but can have other causes.

  • Counseling patients

    • Not a disease, but a skill relevant to healthcare involving various systems, especially the Nervous System (mental health).

  • Coxsackievirus infections

    • Can affect multiple systems:
      • Integumentary System (Skin rashes)
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart)
      • Digestive System

  • Cranial nerve palsies

    • Nervous System (Peripheral Nerves – cranial nerves)

  • Cranial osteopathy

    • Not a disease or widely accepted medical treatment, relates to alternative medicine.

  • Craniosynostosis

    • Skeletal System (Skull)

  • Craniovertebral junction anomalies

    • Skeletal System (Junction of skull and spine)
    • Nervous System (Can affect the spinal cord)

  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Crohn disease

    • Digestive System (Can affect any part)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune component)

  • Croup

    • Respiratory System (Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi)

  • Cushing syndrome

    • Endocrine System (Excess cortisol, often due to adrenal gland or pituitary gland issues)
    • Can have effects on multiple systems, including Skeletal (bones),Integumentary (skin),and Cardiovascular.

  • Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Cyanotic congenital heart defects

    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Cystic fibrosis

    • Multi-system disorder:
      • Respiratory System (Lungs)
      • Digestive System (Pancreas, Intestines)
      • Reproductive System (Male - can affect fertility)

  • Cytokines

    • Not a disease, but signaling molecules of the Immune System.

  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

    • Immune System (Viral infection)
    • Can affect multiple systems, especially in those with weakened immune systems.

  • Deep neck infections

    • Respiratory System (Potential airway involvement)
    • Lymphatic System (Lymph nodes in the neck)
    • Digestive System (Depending on the origin of the infection)

  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels - Veins)

  • Degenerative disc disease

    • Skeletal System (Spine)
    • Nervous System (Can compress spinal nerves)

  • Dehydration

    • Affects multiple systems, as water balance is crucial for all organs

  • Delirium

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Dengue

    • Immune System (Viral infection)
    • Blood (Can affect blood cell counts)

  • Dermatophyte infections

    • Integumentary System (Skin, can sometimes affect nails)

  • Development of the reproductive system

    • Not a disease, but the normal developmental process of the Reproductive System.

  • Developmental dysplasia of the hip

    • Skeletal System (Hip joint)

  • Diabetes insipidus

    • Endocrine System (Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)

  • Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and 2)

    • Endocrine System (Pancreas)
    • Multiple system involvement over time (Cardiovascular, Urinary, Nervous, Integumentary)

  • Diagnostic evaluation of the kidney and urinary tract

    • Not a disease, but diagnostic techniques assessing the Urinary System.

  • Diagnostic investigations in urology

    • Not a disease, but diagnostic techniques focused on the Urinary System and sometimes the Male Reproductive System.

  • Diagnostic procedures in gynecology

    • Not a disease, but diagnostic techniques focused on the Female Reproductive System.

  • Diarrhea

    • Digestive System (Intestines)

  • Diarrheagenic E. coli

    • Digestive System (Intestines)

  • Diencephalon and brainstem

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Diphtheria

    • Respiratory System (Throat, Upper Airways)
    • Immune System (Bacterial Infection)
    • Can sometimes affect the Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Diseases of the lacrimal apparatus

    • Sensory System (Eyes)

  • Diseases of the lens

    • Sensory Systems (Eyes)

  • Diseases of the retina

    • Sensory Systems (Eyes)

  • Diseases of the salivary glands

    • Digestive System (Salivary glands)

  • Diseases of the uvea

    • Sensory Systems (Eyes)

  • Diseases of the vitreous body

    • Sensory System (Eyes)

  • Disorders of calcium balance

    • Endocrine System (Parathyroid gland)
    • Skeletal System (Bones are a major calcium storage site)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys play a role in calcium excretion)

  • Disorders of potassium balance

    • Urinary System (Kidneys regulate potassium)
    • Cardiovascular System (Affects heart function)
    • Nervous System (Affects nerve function)
    • Muscular System (Affects muscle function)

  • Disorders of sex development

    • Endocrine System (Hormone production)
    • Reproductive System (Affects the development of internal and external genitalia)

  • Disorders of the glans penis and foreskin

    • Reproductive System (Male - Penis)
    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Disorders of the visual pathway

    • Sensory System (Eyes)
    • Nervous System (Optic nerves, Brain)

  • Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Dissection of the carotid and the vertebral artery

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)

  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

    • Blood (Clotting system)
    • Can affect multiple systems as a result of widespread clotting

  • Dissociative disorders

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Distal radius fractures

    • Skeletal System (Bones - Radius)

  • Diuretics

    • Not a disease, but medications primarily affecting the Urinary System (Kidneys).

  • Diverticular disease

    • Digestive System (Large intestine)

  • DNA replication and repair

    • Not a disease, but a fundamental cellular process relevant to understanding mutations in various organ systems.

  • Down syndrome

    • Not a specific disease, but a genetic disorder affecting multiple systems:
      • Nervous System (Brain)
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart defects)
      • Skeletal System
      • Others

  • Duodenal atresia and stenosis

    • Digestive System (Small Intestine)

  • Dupuytren's contracture

    • Integumentary System (Hands - affects the fascia, a type of connective tissue)
    • Muscular System (Can limit hand movement)

  • Dyspnea

    • Symptom, not a specific disease. Often related to:
      • Respiratory System (Lungs)
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart)

  • Dystonia

    • Nervous System (Brain, particularly areas controlling movement)
    • Muscular System (Causes involuntary muscle contractions)

  • Eating disorders

    • Nervous System (Brain)
    • Endocrine System (Hormonal imbalances can contribute)
    • Can affect multiple other systems over time (Digestive, Cardiovascular, Skeletal)

  • ECG (Electrocardiogram)

    • Not a disease, but a diagnostic test primarily assessing the Cardiovascular System (Heart).

  • Echinococcosis

    • Can affect multiple systems:
      • Digestive System (Liver - most common site)
      • Respiratory System (Lungs)
      • Nervous System (Brain - less common)

  • Ectopic pregnancy

    • Reproductive System (Female - usually Fallopian tubes, sometimes other locations)

  • Edema

    • Not a specific disease, but a symptom. Can indicate issues with:
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart problems)
      • Urinary System (Kidney problems)
      • Digestive System (Liver problems)
      • Lymphatic System (Lymphatic drainage issues)

  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome

    • Connective Tissue (Affects collagen, a widespread protein)
      • Can impact multiple systems like:
        • Skeletal System
        • Cardiovascular System
        • Integumentary System
        • Eyes

  • Elbow dislocation

    • Skeletal System (Joint)
    • Muscular System (Ligaments and muscles around the joint)

  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

    • Not a disease, but a treatment for psychiatric conditions. Primarily affects the Nervous System (Brain).

  • Electrolyte repletion

    • Not a disease, but a treatment to correct electrolyte imbalances, which can affect multiple systems:
      • Nervous System
      • Muscular System
      • Cardiovascular System

  • Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

    • Not a disease, but biochemical processes in cells important for energy production. Relevant across all organ systems.

  • Elevated intracranial pressure and brain herniation

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Elimination disorders

    • Urinary System (Bladder control)
    • Digestive System (Colon, rectum)
    • Nervous System (Nerves involved in control)

  • Embryogenesis

    • Not a disease, but the developmental process. Understanding it is key to understanding congenital disorders across organ systems.

  • Emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents

    • Nervous System (Brain)

  • Endarterectomy

    • Not a disease, but a surgical procedure focused on the Cardiovascular System (blood vessels)

  • Endometrial cancer

    • Reproductive System (Female - Uterus)

  • Endometriosis

    • Reproductive System (Female - Endometrial tissue outside the uterus)

  • Endophthalmitis

    • Sensory System (Eyes)

  • Environmental pathology

    • Not a specific disease, but a field studying how environmental factors contribute to diseases across various organ systems.

  • Enzymes and biocatalysis

    • Not a disease, but biochemical processes relevant in all organ systems, crucial for various metabolic functions.

  • Epidemiology

    • Not a disease, but the study of disease patterns, important for understanding risk factors and disease spread, relevant to all systems.

  • Epididymitis

    • Reproductive System (Male - Epididymis)

  • Epidural hematoma

    • Nervous System (Brain, bleeding around the brain)

  • Epiglottitis

    • Respiratory System (Epiglottis)
    • Immune System (Often bacterial infection)

  • Epistaxis (Nosebleed)

    • Respiratory System (Nasal Cavity)

  • Erection and ejaculation disorders

    • Reproductive System (Male)
    • Nervous System (Nerves involved in the process)
    • Cardiovascular System (Can be related to blood supply)

  • Erythema multiforme

    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Erythema nodosum

    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Erythrasma

    • Integumentary System (Skin)

  • Erythrocyte morphology and hemoglobin

    • Blood

  • Esophageal atresia

    • Digestive System (Esophagus)

  • Esophageal barium swallow

    • Not a disease, but a diagnostic test focused on the Digestive System (Esophagus).

  • Esophageal cancer

    • Digestive System (Esophagus)

  • Esophageal diverticula

    • Digestive System (Esophagus)

  • Esophageal perforation

    • Digestive System (Esophagus)

  • Estrogen and associated diseases

    • Endocrine System (Ovaries are the primary source of estrogen in females)
    • Reproductive System (Estrogen plays a crucial role in the female reproductive cycle)
    • Can impact other systems (Skeletal System, Cardiovascular System)

  • Facial nerve palsy

    • Nervous System (Peripheral Nerves – Facial Nerve)

  • Febrile seizures

    • Nervous System (Brain – a response to high fever, usually in young children)

  • Female reproductive organs

    • Reproductive System (Female)

  • Femoral hernia

    • Digestive System (Groin area, intestines can protrude)
    • Muscular System (Weakness in abdominal muscles can contribute)

  • Femoral shaft fracture

    • Skeletal System (Bones – femur)

  • Fever

    • Not a specific disease, but a symptom. Often indicates an Immune System response (infection),but can have other causes.

  • Fibromuscular dysplasia

    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – usually affects kidney or brain arteries)

  • Fibromyalgia

    • Nervous System (likely involves pain processing in the brain)
    • Muscular System (Widespread muscle pain)

  • Fifth disease

    • Integumentary System (Skin rash)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)

  • Finger infections

    • Integumentary System (Skin, soft tissues)
    • Skeletal System (Can sometimes involve bones or joints)

  • Finger injuries

    • Skeletal System (Bones, joints)
    • Muscular System (Tendons, ligaments)
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Nervous System (Nerves in the fingers)

  • Focal seizures and syndromes

    • Nervous System (Brain – specific areas affected)

  • Folate deficiency

    • Blood (Affects red blood cell production)
    • Can affect various systems due to the role of folate in cell functions

  • Food allergies

    • Immune System (Hypersensitivity reaction to foods)
    • Can affect multiple systems:
      • Digestive System (Intestinal symptoms)
      • Integumentary System (Skin rashes, hives)
      • Respiratory System (in severe cases)

  • Food poisoning

    • Digestive System (primary site of infection)
    • Immune System (response to the pathogen)

  • Foot deformities

    • Skeletal System (Bones, joints)
    • Muscular System (Depending on the type of deformity)

  • Forearm, wrist, and hand

    • Skeletal System (Bones)
    • Muscular System
    • Nervous System (Nerves in the arm)

  • Foreign body aspiration

    • Respiratory System (Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs – depending on where the object lodges)

  • Friedreich ataxia

    • Nervous System
      • Brain (particularly the cerebellum)
      • Spinal cord
      • Peripheral nerves
    • Muscular System (Affects coordination and muscle strength)
    • Cardiovascular System (Can cause heart problems over time)

  • Frontotemporal dementia

    • Nervous System (Brain – frontal and temporal lobes)

Important Considerations

  • Foreign Body Aspiration:
    • Can be life-threatening, requiring immediate assessment and intervention.
    • Symptoms like coughing, choking, difficulty breathing are immediate warning signs.
  • Friedreich Ataxia:
    • A genetic disorder, often affecting multiple systems in the body.
    • Symptoms usually begin in childhood or adolescence and worsen over time.
  • Frontotemporal Dementia:
    • A form of dementia impacting personality, behavior, and language.
    • Tends to occur at a younger age than typical forms of dementia.
  • Gallbladder and bile
    • Digestive System (Gallbladder, Liver)
  • Gas gangrene
    • Integumentary System (Skin, deeper tissues affected by bacterial infection)
    • Muscular System (Muscles can be damaged)
  • Gastric cancer
    • Digestive System (Stomach)
  • Gastrinoma
    • Digestive System (Often in the pancreas or small intestine)
    • Endocrine System (Produces excess gastrin hormone)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
    • Digestive System (Esophagus, Stomach)
  • Gastrointestinal bleeding
    • Digestive System (Can originate anywhere from the esophagus to the large intestine)
  • Gastrointestinal perforation
    • Digestive System (Hole in the stomach, intestines, etc.)
  • Gastrointestinal tract
    • Digestive System (Encompasses the entire system from mouth to anus)
  • Gene expression and transcription
    • Not a disease, but fundamental cellular processes. Understanding these is crucial for studying diseases across all organ systems.
  • General bacteriology
    • Not a disease, but the study of bacteria. Relevant to understanding infectious diseases in all systems.
  • General endocrinology
    • Not a disease, but the study of hormones, affecting all organ systems.
  • General histology
    • Not a disease, but the study of tissues. Important for understanding changes occurring in tissues due to disease across systems.
  • General mycology
    • Not a disease, but the study of fungi. Relevant to fungal infections affecting various systems.
  • General oncology
    • Not a disease, but the study of cancer, which can arise in almost any organ system.
  • General osteopathic principles
    • Not a disease, but a philosophy of medicine. May have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions in various organ systems.
  • General principles of fractures
    • Not a disease, but principles in understanding and managing fractures. Relevant to the Skeletal System.
  • General virology
    • Not a disease, but the study of viruses. Relevant to viral infections across various organ systems.
  • Generalized epilepsy in childhood
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • Genitourinary trauma
    • Urinary System (Kidneys, Bladder, Urethra)
    • Reproductive System (Male or Female, depending on the injury)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease
    • Reproductive System (Female - related to abnormal growth of cells in the uterus during pregnancy)
  • Giant cell arteritis
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – inflammation of arteries)
  • Giardiasis
    • Digestive System (Intestines – parasitic infection)
  • Glaucoma
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
  • Glomerular diseases
    • Urinary System (Kidneys – specifically the glomeruli, filtering units)
  • Glomus tumors
    • Can occur in various locations:
      • Integumentary System (Often under nails)
      • Nervous System (Less common)
  • Glucocorticoids
    • Not a disease, but a class of hormones (including cortisol).
      • Endocrine System (Adrenal Glands)
      • Affect multiple systems due to widespread actions
  • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
    • Blood (Affects red blood cells)
  • Glycogen metabolism
    • Not a disease, but a biochemical process relevant to energy storage. Occurs in various systems, especially:
      • Liver
      • Muscular System
  • Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
    • Not a disease, but metabolic pathways crucial for energy production. Occur in various organ systems.
  • Goiter
    • Endocrine System (Thyroid Gland)
  • Gonorrhea
    • Reproductive System (Male and Female)
    • Urinary System (Can cause urethritis)
  • Gout and hyperuricemia
    • Skeletal System (Joints – uric acid crystals deposit)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys – can be affected by excess uric acid)
  • Granuloma inguinale
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Reproductive System (Genitals)
  • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
    • Multiple Systems:
      • Respiratory System (Lungs, Sinuses)
      • Urinary System (Kidneys)
      • Nervous System (Nerves)
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Graves disease
    • Endocrine System (Thyroid Gland – autoimmune hyperthyroidism)
    • Sensory System (Can cause eye problems)
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome
    • Nervous System (Peripheral Nerves)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune attack on nerves)
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis
    • Endocrine System (Thyroid Gland)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune condition)
  • Head and neck examination
    • Not a disease, but assessment techniques relevant to multiple systems:
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Sensory System (Eyes, Ears, Nose)
      • Respiratory System (Mouth, Throat)
      • Endocrine System (Thyroid Gland)
      • Lymphatic System (Lymph Nodes)
  • Headache
    • Symptom, not a specific disease. Can have various causes:
      • Nervous System (Brain)
      • Muscular System (Tension in neck/head muscles)
      • Sensory System (Eyes, Sinuses)
  • Healthcare system
    • Not a disease, but the organization of healthcare delivery, indirectly impacting all organ systems.
  • Hearing loss
    • Sensory System (Ears)
  • Heart
    • Cardiovascular System
  • Heatstroke
    • Affects multiple systems due to extreme body temperature:
      • Nervous System (Brain)
      • Cardiovascular System
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Can lead to kidney damage (Urinary System)
  • Helminth infections
    • Primarily Digestive System (Intestines)
    • Can sometimes affect other systems (Lungs, Liver) depending on the type of parasite
  • Hemochromatosis
    • Multiple Systems:
      • Liver (excess iron storage)
      • Endocrine System (Can affect pancreas, testes, pituitary)
      • Cardiovascular System (Can lead to heart problems)
      • Skeletal System (Joint pain)
  • Hemolytic anemia
    • Blood (destruction of red blood cells)
    • Immune System (Can be autoimmune in nature)
  • Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
    • Blood (Incompatibility between mother and baby's blood)
    • Immune System
  • Hemolytic uremic syndrome
    • Blood (Affects red blood cells)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Hemophilia
    • Blood (Clotting disorder)
  • Hemorrhoids
    • Digestive System (Rectum, Anus)
    • Cardiovascular System (Veins in the area)
  • Hemostasis and bleeding disorders
    • Blood (Clotting system)
  • Henoch-Schonlein purpura
    • Multiple Systems:
      • Integumentary System (Skin rash)
      • Urinary System (Kidneys)
      • Digestive System (Intestines)
      • Skeletal System (Joints)
  • Hepatitis A
    • Digestive System (Liver)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
  • Hepatitis B
    • Digestive System (Liver)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
  • Hepatitis C
    • Digestive System (Liver)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Digestive System (Liver)
  • Hereditary spastic paraplegia
    • Nervous System (Spinal cord, motor nerves)
  • Hereditary spherocytosis
    • Blood (Red blood cells)
    • Spleen (Role in removing abnormal red blood cells)
  • Herpes simplex encephalitis
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • Herpes simplex virus infections
    • Integumentary System (Skin, mucous membranes)
  • Herpes virus infections
    • Can affect various systems depending on the type:
      • Integumentary System (Skin, mucous membranes)
      • Nervous System (Brain)
      • Sensory System (Eyes)
  • Hiatal hernia
    • Digestive System (Stomach, Esophagus)
  • Hip fractures
    • Skeletal System (Bones – hip joint)
  • Hirschsprung's disease
    • Digestive System (Large intestine – affects nerves controlling bowel movements)
  • HIV-associated conditions
    • Immune System (Primary target of the virus)
    • Can affect multiple systems over time, including:
      • Nervous System
      • Respiratory System
      • Integumentary System
      • Digestive System
  • Hodgkin lymphoma
    • Lymphatic System (Type of cancer)
    • Immune System
  • Hormonal contraceptives
    • Not a disease, but medications. Primarily affect:
      • Reproductive System (Female)
      • Endocrine System (Hormonal regulation)
  • Horner syndrome
    • Nervous System (Sympathetic nerves in the face)
    • Sensory System (Can affect the eye on one side)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
    • Immune System (Virus attacks immune cells)
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
    • Reproductive System (Female – cervix primarily)
    • Reproductive System (Male)
    • Integumentary System (Can cause warts)
  • Humerus fracture
    • Skeletal System (Bones – upper arm)
  • Huntington disease
    • Nervous System (Brain – degeneration of certain neurons)
  • Hydrocephalus
    • Nervous System (Brain – excess cerebrospinal fluid)
  • Hypercoagulable states
    • Blood (Increased tendency for blood clotting)
  • Hyperglycemic crises
    • Endocrine System (Pancreas – insufficient insulin in diabetes)
    • Can affect multiple systems due to high blood sugar levels
  • Hyperparathyroidism
    • Endocrine System (Parathyroid glands)
    • Skeletal System (Affects calcium regulation in bones)
    • Urinary System (Can lead to kidney stones)
  • Hyperprolactinemia
    • Endocrine System (Pituitary gland – excess prolactin)
    • Reproductive System (Can affect menstrual cycles, fertility)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Allergic reaction to inhaled substances)
  • Hypersensitivity reactions
    • Immune System (Overreaction to various triggers)
    • Can affect multiple systems depending on the type of reaction
  • Hypertension
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels, Heart)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys play a role in blood pressure regulation)
  • Hypertensive crises
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood pressure becomes dangerously high)
    • Nervous System (Brain can be affected)
  • Hypertensive pregnancy disorders
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood pressure)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys can be damaged)
    • Reproductive System (Pregnancy-related)
  • Hyperthyroidism
    • Endocrine System (Thyroid gland – excess thyroid hormone)
    • Can affect multiple systems (Cardiovascular, Nervous, etc.)
  • Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
    • Digestive System (Stomach outlet)
  • Hypoglycemia
    • Endocrine System (Pancreas – low blood sugar)
    • Nervous System (Brain requires glucose to function)
  • Hypogonadism
    • Endocrine System (Testes in males, ovaries in females)
    • Reproductive System
  • Hypoparathyroidism
    • Endocrine System (Parathyroid glands)
    • Skeletal System (Affects calcium regulation)
    • Nervous System (Low calcium can cause nerve dysfunction)
  • Hypopituitarism
    • Endocrine System (Pituitary gland – insufficient hormone production)
    • Can affect multiple systems due to the pituitary's role in regulating other glands
  • Hypothermia and frostbite
    • Integumentary System (Skin damage due to cold)
    • Can affect deeper tissues with severe frostbite
    • Cardiovascular System (Affects blood circulation)
  • Hypothyroidism
    • Endocrine System (Thyroid gland – insufficient thyroid hormone)
    • Can affect multiple systems (Cardiovascular, Nervous, etc.)
  • Ichthyosis
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
    • Nervous System (Brain – increased pressure around the brain)
  • Idiopathic scoliosis
    • Skeletal System (Spine)
    • Muscular System (Can involve muscles supporting the spine)
  • IgA Nephropathy
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
    • Immune System (Affects immune deposits in the kidneys)
  • Immunization schedule
    • Not a disease, but preventive measures. Relevant to the Immune System and protecting against infectious diseases affecting various systems.
  • Immunosuppressants
    • Not a disease, but medications affecting the Immune System. Used in various conditions across multiple systems.
  • Impetigo
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
    • Metabolic disorder affecting multiple systems, as carbohydrate metabolism is crucial for energy production in all organs.
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
    • Metabolic disorders affecting multiple systems, as different metabolic pathways are crucial in all organs.
  • Incomplete spinal cord syndromes
    • Nervous System (Spinal cord)
  • Infection prevention and control
    • Not a disease, but strategies important for all organ systems to prevent the spread of infections.
  • Infectious mononucleosis
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
    • Lymphatic System (Lymph nodes often affected)
  • Infective endocarditis
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart valves)
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
  • Infertility
    • Reproductive System (Male or Female, depending on the cause)
    • Endocrine System (Hormonal problems can contribute)
  • Inflammation of the eyelids
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
    • Integumentary System (Skin of eyelids)
  • Inflammatory myopathies
    • Muscular System (Muscles)
    • Immune System (Often autoimmune in nature)
  • Influenza
    • Respiratory System (Lungs, airways)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
  • Inguinal hernia
    • Digestive System (Intestines protrude through abdominal wall)
    • Muscular System (Weakness in abdominal muscles can contribute)
  • Inhalational anesthetics
    • Not a disease, but medications. They primarily affect the:
      • Nervous System (Induce unconsciousness)
      • Respiratory System (Delivered through breathing)
  • Inherited hyperbilirubinemia
    • Blood (Breakdown of red blood cells leads to high bilirubin)
    • Digestive System (Liver processes bilirubin)
  • Innate immune system
    • Immune system (The body's first line of defense)
  • Inpatient management of hyperglycemia
    • Not a specific disease, but treatment strategies for high blood sugar. Relevant to:
      • Endocrine System (Pancreas – insulin production)
      • Can affect multiple systems due to complications of high blood sugar
  • Insertional tendinopathy
    • Muscular System (Tendons)
    • Skeletal System (Where tendons attach to bones)
  • Insulin
    • Not a disease, but a hormone.
      • Endocrine System (Pancreas)
      • Crucial for regulating blood sugar, affecting all organ systems.
  • Insulinoma
    • Endocrine System (Pancreas – tumor producing excess insulin)
  • Internal hernia
    • Digestive system (Intestines or other organs protrude abnormally within the abdomen)
  • Interstitial lung disease
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
  • Intestinal ischemia
    • Digestive System (Intestines – reduced blood flow)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood supply issue)
  • Intracerebral hemorrhage
    • Nervous System (Brain – bleeding within the brain tissue)
  • Intrauterine growth restriction
    • Reproductive System (Pregnancy-related – affects fetal growth)
  • Intravenous anesthetics
    • Not a disease, but medications. Primarily affect:
      • Nervous System (Induce unconsciousness)
      • Cardiovascular System (Can have effects on blood pressure)
  • Intravenous fluid therapy
    • Not a disease, but a treatment. Relevant to multiple systems as fluids are essential for all organs.
  • Intussusception
    • Digestive System (Intestines)
  • Iron deficiency anemia
    • Blood (Lack of iron for red blood cell production)
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Digestive System (Intestines)
  • Ischemic stroke
    • Nervous System (Brain – blockage of blood flow to a part of the brain)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood vessel problem)
  • Japanese encephalitis
    • Nervous System (Brain – inflammation caused by a virus)
  • Jaundice and cholestasis
    • Digestive System (Liver – buildup of bile products)
    • Integumentary System (Skin, Eyes – can turn yellow)
  • Joints
    • Skeletal System
    • Muscular System (Muscles and tendons around the joint)
    • Ligaments (Connective tissue within the joint)
  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
    • Skeletal System (Joints)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune in nature)
  • Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
    • Respiratory system (Nasopharynx – area behind the nose)
  • Kawasaki disease
    • Multi-system disease:
      • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – inflammation)
      • Lymphatic System (Lymph node swelling)
      • Integumentary System (Skin rash)
  • Keratitis
    • Sensory System (Eyes – inflammation of the cornea)
  • Keyboard shortcuts for AMBOSS
    • Not a disease, but helpful tools for using a medical knowledge resource
  • Kidneys
    • Urinary System
  • Knee ligament injuries
    • Skeletal System (Joints – knee)
    • Muscular System (Ligaments and surrounding muscles)
  • Lactose intolerance
    • Digestive System (Small intestine – insufficient lactase enzyme)
  • Laparoscopic surgery
    • Not a disease, but a surgical technique. Can be used for various procedures involving organs like:
      • Digestive System
      • Reproductive System
  • Large intestine
    • Digestive System
  • Laryngeal carcinoma
    • Respiratory System (Larynx)
  • Laryngitis
    • Respiratory System (Larynx)
  • Larynx
    • Respiratory System
  • Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
    • Skeletal System (Hip joint)
  • Legionellosis
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
  • Leishmaniasis
    • Immune System (Parasitic infection)
    • Can affect various systems depending on the type:
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Digestive System (Liver, Spleen)
  • Leprosy
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Nervous System (Peripheral Nerves)
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
  • Leptospirosis
    • Multiple Systems (Bacterial infection):
      • Urinary System (Kidneys)
      • Liver
      • Can affect Lungs, Brain, etc., in severe cases
  • Lice infestation
    • Integumentary System (Skin, Hair)
  • Lichen planus
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Can sometimes affect mucous membranes (Mouth)
  • Lipid disorders
    • Cardiovascular System (Affects blood vessels, risk of heart disease)
    • Metabolic disorder with widespread implications as lipids are crucial in all systems
  • Lipids and fat metabolism
    • Not a disease, but a biochemical process relevant to various systems.
  • Listeriosis
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
    • Can affect multiple systems:
      • Nervous System (Meningitis)
      • Reproductive System (Pregnancy-related risks)
  • Lithium
    • Not a disease, but a medication. Primarily used for psychiatric disorders, thus affecting the:
      • Nervous System (Brain)
    • Can have side effects on other systems like the Urinary System (Kidneys) and Endocrine System (Thyroid)
  • Liver
    • Digestive System
    • Metabolic Functions (Crucial for various processes in the body)
  • Local and regional anesthesia
    • Not a disease, but a type of anesthesia affecting:
      • Nervous System (Blocks pain signals in a specific area)
  • Local anesthetic agents
    • Not a disease, but medications used for local anesthesia.
      • Nervous System (Primary target)
  • Local inflammatory responses
    • Not a specific disease, but a part of the Immune System's response to injury or infection. Can occur in various tissues throughout the body.
  • Locked-in syndrome
    • Nervous System (Brainstem – affects movement and communication)
  • Long QT syndrome
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – affects electrical rhythm)
  • Lower extremity osteopathy
    • Skeletal System (Bones of the legs)
    • Muscular System (Muscles of the legs)
  • Lumbar osteopathy
    • Skeletal System (Bones of the lower spine)
  • Lumbar puncture
    • Not a disease, but a diagnostic procedure. Primarily involves:
      • Nervous System (To obtain cerebrospinal fluid)
  • Lung cancer
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
  • Lyme disease
    • Multiple Systems:
      • Integumentary System (Early rash)
      • Nervous System
      • Skeletal System (Joints)
      • Cardiovascular System (In some cases)
  • Lymphadenopathy
    • Lymphatic System (Enlarged lymph nodes)
  • Lymphatic system
    • Lymphatic System
    • Immune System (Closely intertwined)
  • Lymphatic techniques
    • Not a disease, but types of manual therapy (e.g., massage) focused on the Lymphatic System.
  • Lynch syndrome
    • Primarily affects the Digestive System (Colon – increased risk of colon cancer)
    • Can also increase risk of cancer in other organs (Reproductive System)
  • Lysosomal storage diseases
    • Metabolic disorders affecting various systems depending on the specific disease.
  • Major depressive disorder
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • Major neurocognitive disorder (Dementia)
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • Malabsorption
    • Digestive System (Small intestine – impaired nutrient absorption)
  • Malaria
    • Blood (Parasite infects red blood cells)
    • Immune System
    • Liver (Can be affected by the parasite)
  • Male reproductive organs
    • Reproductive System (Male)
  • Malignant bone tumors
    • Skeletal System (Bones)
  • Malignant hyperthermia
    • Muscular System (Abnormal muscle reaction to certain medications)
  • Mallory-Weiss syndrome
    • Digestive System (Esophagus, Stomach - tear at the junction)
  • MALT lymphoma
    • Lymphatic System (Type of cancer)
    • Immune System
    • Can arise in various tissues, often the stomach (Digestive System)
  • Management of bradycardia
    • Not a disease, but treatment strategies for slow heart rate. Relevant to:
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart)
  • Management of trauma patients
    • Not a disease, but treatment approaches. Can involve multiple systems depending on the injuries.
  • Maternal complications during pregnancy
    • Multiple Systems potentially affected depending on the complication:
      • Reproductive System
      • Cardiovascular System
      • Urinary System
      • Endocrine System, etc.
  • Measles
    • Integumentary System (Skin rash)
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
  • Mechanics of childbirth
    • Not a disease, but the physiological processes involved. Relevant to:
      • Reproductive System (Female)
      • Muscular System (Uterine contractions, pelvic floor muscles)
      • Skeletal System (Pelvic bones)
  • Meckel diverticulum
    • Digestive System (Small intestine)
  • Median nerve neuropathy
    • Nervous System (Peripheral nerves – median nerve in the arm)
  • Medication for Parkinson disease
    • Not a disease, but medication targeting the:
      • Nervous System (Brain – affects dopamine neurotransmitters)
  • Megacolon
    • Digestive System (Large Intestine)
  • Megaureter
    • Urinary System (Ureters)
  • Melanoma
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Melioidosis
    • Multiple Systems:
      • Respiratory System (Lungs)
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Can spread to other organs in severe cases
  • Ménière disease
    • Sensory System (Ears – inner ear disorder)
  • Meningioma
    • Nervous System (Brain – tumor arising from the meninges)
  • Meningitis
    • Nervous System (Meninges – inflammation around the brain and spinal cord)
  • Meniscus tear
    • Skeletal System (Knee joint)
  • Menopause
    • Reproductive System (Female – cessation of menstrual cycles)
    • Endocrine System (Changes in hormone production)
  • Metabolic syndrome
    • Not a specific disease, but a cluster of risk factors affecting multiple systems:
      • Cardiovascular System (Increased risk of heart disease)
      • Endocrine System (Often involves insulin resistance)
      • Increased fat around the abdomen (Digestive System)
  • Metal toxicity
    • Can affect multiple systems depending on the type of metal:
      • Nervous System
      • Kidneys (Urinary System)
      • Blood
  • Migraine
    • Nervous System (Brain – mechanisms not fully understood)
  • Miscellaneous ear, nose, and throat disorders
    • Several systems:
      • Sensory System (Ears, Nose)
      • Respiratory System (Throat)
  • Mitral regurgitation
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – mitral valve)
  • Mitral valve prolapse
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – mitral valve)
  • Mitral valve stenosis
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – mitral valve)
  • Molluscum contagiosum
    • Integumentary System (Skin – viral infection)
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
    • Endocrine System (Affects multiple hormone-producing glands)
  • Multiple myeloma
    • Blood (Cancer of plasma cells)
    • Immune System (Impaired immune function)
    • Skeletal System (Can damage bones)
  • Multiple pregnancy
    • Reproductive System (Female)
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
    • Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord – autoimmune attack on myelin)
    • Immune System
  • Mumps
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
    • Salivary Glands (Digestive System)
  • Muscarinic antagonists
    • Not a disease, but medications. Affect the Nervous System (block muscarinic receptors)
  • Muscle tissue
    • Muscular System
  • Myasthenia gravis
    • Nervous System (Affects neuromuscular junction)
    • Muscular System (Muscle weakness)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune)
  • Mycosis fungoides
    • Integumentary System (Skin – type of lymphoma)
    • Immune System
    • Lymphatic System
  • Myelodysplastic syndromes
    • Blood (Bone marrow disorder affecting blood cell production)
  • Myeloproliferative neoplasms
    • Blood (Bone marrow disorder leading to excess blood cell production)
  • Myocarditis
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart muscle inflammation)
  • Myotonic syndromes
    • Muscular System (Muscles have difficulty relaxing)
    • Nervous System (Can involve abnormalities in nerve signaling to muscles)
  • Narcolepsy
    • Nervous System (Brain – disorder of sleep-wake regulation)
  • Nasal papilloma
    • Respiratory System (Nasal Cavity)
  • Nausea and vomiting
    • Symptom, not a specific disease. Can stem from problems with:
      • Digestive System (Stomach, Intestines)
      • Nervous System (Brain)
      • Sensory System (Inner ear balance)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis
    • Digestive System (Intestines – primarily affects premature infants)
  • Neonatal jaundice
    • Liver (Difficulty processing bilirubin in newborns)
    • Blood (Breakdown of red blood cells)
  • Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
    • Respiratory System (Lungs – primarily affects premature infants)
  • Neoplastic meningitis
    • Nervous System (Meninges – cancer spread)
  • Nephritic syndrome
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Nephrolithiasis
    • Urinary System (Kidneys – kidney stones)
  • Nephrotic syndrome
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Nerve tissue, synapses, and neurotransmitters
    • Nervous System
  • Neural tube defects
    • Nervous System (Spinal cord – developmental problem)
  • Neuralgic amyotrophy
    • Nervous System (Peripheral nerves)
  • Neuroblastoma
    • Nervous System (Often starts in adrenal glands)
    • Endocrine System (Adrenal glands)
  • Neurocutaneous syndromes
    • Nervous System
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Neurological examination
    • Not a disease, but assessment techniques primarily focused on the Nervous System
  • Neutropenic fever
    • Immune System (Low white blood cell count, often due to cancer treatment)
    • Blood
  • Nipple discharge
    • Reproductive System (Female – breast)
  • Nitrates
    • Not a disease, but medications primarily affecting the Cardiovascular System (Blood vessels, used for chest pain)
  • Nocardiosis
    • Primarily affects the Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Can sometimes spread to other systems like the Nervous System (Brain) or Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Immune System (Often affects immunocompromised individuals)
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
    • Lymphatic System (Type of cancer)
    • Immune System
  • Non-opioid analgesics
    • Not a disease, but medications primarily used for pain relief. Can have effects on various systems:
      • Nervous System (Pain perception)
      • Digestive System (Potential for side effects like stomach irritation)
      • Urinary System (Some medications need to be dose-adjusted for kidney function)
  • Nonhormonal contraception
    • Reproductive System (Female)
  • Nonthrombotic embolism
    • Can affect various organs depending on where the embolus (non-blood clot material) travels:
      • Cardiovascular System (Blood vessels)
      • Lungs (Respiratory System)
      • Brain (Nervous System)
  • Norovirus infection
    • Digestive System (Stomach, Intestines)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
  • Nose and sinuses
    • Respiratory System
  • Nosocomial infections
    • Not a specific disease, but infections acquired in a healthcare setting. Can affect virtually any organ system.
  • Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA
    • Not a disease, but the fundamental building blocks of genetic material. Important for understanding diseases that occur across all organ systems.
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
    • Respiratory System (Pharynx, airway obstruction)
  • Ocular motility disorders and strabismus
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
    • Nervous System (Nerves controlling eye movement)
    • Muscular System (Eye muscles)
  • Opioids
    • Not a disease, but medications primarily affecting:
      • Nervous System (Pain perception)
      • Can have side effects involving the Digestive System (constipation) and Respiratory System (potential to slow breathing)
  • Oral anticoagulants
    • Not a disease, but medications affecting the Blood (clotting system)
  • Oral cavity cancer
    • Digestive System (Mouth)
  • Orbital disorders
    • Sensory System (Eyes - the orbit is the bony socket surrounding the eye)
  • Organic solvent toxicity
    • Can affect various systems depending on the solvent:
      • Nervous System
      • Liver
      • Respiratory System (inhalation)
  • Orthopedic shoulder examination
    • Not a disease, but assessment techniques primarily focused on:
      • Skeletal System (Shoulder joint)
      • Muscular System (Muscles around the shoulder)
  • Osgood-Schlatter disease
    • Skeletal System (Bones - affects the growth plate below the knee)
  • Osteoarthritis
    • Skeletal System (Joints)
  • Osteoarthritis of the hip and knee
    • Skeletal System (Hip joint, Knee joint)
  • Osteochondritis dissecans
    • Skeletal System (Bones and Joints)
  • Osteomalacia and rickets
    • Skeletal System (Bones - affects bone mineralization)
  • Osteomyelitis
    • Skeletal System (Bones – infection)
  • Osteonecrosis of the femoral head
    • Skeletal System (Hip joint - bone death due to impaired blood supply)
  • Osteoporosis
    • Skeletal System (Bones – decreased bone density)
  • Otitis externa
    • Sensory System (Ears – outer ear canal)
  • Otosclerosis
    • Sensory System (Ears – affects bones in the middle ear)
  • Ovarian cysts
    • Reproductive System (Female – Ovaries)
  • Ovarian tumors
    • Reproductive System (Female – Ovaries)
  • Overview of stroke
    • Nervous System (Brain – blood supply disruption)
  • Paget disease of bone
    • Skeletal System (Bones)
  • Pain management
    • Not a specific disease, but treatment strategies. Relevant to the Nervous System (pain perception),and can involve various systems depending on the source of pain.
  • Pancreas
    • Digestive System
    • Endocrine System
  • Pancreatic and hepatic surgery
    • Not a disease, but surgical techniques involving:
      • Digestive System (Pancreas, Liver)
  • Pancreatic cancer
    • Digestive System (Pancreas)
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes
    • Not a specific disease, but effects caused by cancer that can impact various systems (e.g., Nervous, Endocrine, etc.)
  • Parapsoriasis
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Parasympathomimetic drugs
    • Not a disease, but medications affecting the Nervous System (parasympathetic branch) with potential actions on various organs
  • Parenteral anticoagulation
    • Not a disease, but medication administration (not by mouth). Impacts the Blood (clotting system).
  • Parkinson disease
    • Nervous System (Brain – affects movement control)
  • Parkinson-plus syndromes
    • Nervous System (Brain – similar to Parkinson's but with additional features)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – abnormal fast heart rhythm)
  • Patellar dislocation
    • Skeletal System (Knee joint)
    • Muscular System (Muscles and ligaments around the knee)
  • Pathology techniques
    • Not a disease, but methods of studying diseases, relevant to all organ systems.
  • Pediatric fractures
    • Skeletal System (Bones)
  • Pelvic and sacral osteopathy
    • Skeletal System (Pelvis and sacrum)
    • Muscular System (Muscles in the region)
  • Pelvic fracture
    • Skeletal System (Pelvis)
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
    • Reproductive System (Female – infection of the upper genital tract)
  • Pelvic organ prolapse
    • Reproductive System (Female)
    • Muscular System (Pelvic floor muscles)
  • Pelvis and hip joint
    • Skeletal System
  • Penetrating trauma
    • Can affect multiple systems, depending on the location and extent of injury.
  • Penile fracture
    • Reproductive System (Male – Penis)
  • Peptic ulcer disease
    • Digestive System (Stomach, Duodenum)
  • Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – pericardium)
  • Pericarditis
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – pericardium)
  • Perinephric abscess
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Perioperative management
    • Not a disease, but care before, during, and after surgery. Relevant to whichever organ system the surgery involves.
  • Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – often in the legs)
  • Peripheral nerve injuries
    • Nervous System (Peripheral nerves)
  • Peritonitis
    • Digestive System (Peritoneum – lining of the abdominal cavity)
  • Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD)
    • Nervous System (Brain – affects balance and perception)
    • Sensory System (Vestibular system in the inner ear)
  • Persistent vegetative state
    • Nervous System (Brain – severe impairment of consciousness)
  • Personality disorders
    • Nervous System (Brain – affects thought patterns and behavior)
  • Pertussis (Whooping cough)
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
  • Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy
    • Not a disease, but medication considerations. Relevant to multiple systems as drugs can affect both mother and fetus.
  • Pharyngeal cancer
    • Respiratory System (Pharynx)
    • Digestive System (Pharynx)
  • Pheochromocytoma
    • Endocrine System (Adrenal glands – tumor)
  • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
    • Not a disease, but medications. Primarily target:
      • Cardiovascular System (Blood vessels)
      • Can sometimes be used in Respiratory System diseases (pulmonary hypertension)
  • Photodermatoses
    • Integumentary System (Skin – reactions to sunlight)
  • Physician mode test card (Pyelonephritis)
    • Not a disease, but refers to a test card used in medical education
  • Physiology and abnormalities of the pupil
    • Sensory System (Eye)
    • Nervous System (Nerves controlling pupil function)
  • Physiology of the kidney
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Pilonidal cyst
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Pituitary adenoma
    • Endocrine System (Pituitary gland)
  • Pityriasis rosea
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Pleural effusion
    • Respiratory System (Lungs – fluid around the lungs)
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Often affects immunocompromised individuals)
  • Pneumonia
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Infection)
  • Pneumothorax
    • Respiratory System (Lungs – collapsed lung)
  • Poisoning
    • Can affect multiple systems, depending on the type of poison/toxin.
  • Poliomyelitis
    • Nervous System (Spinal cord – viral infection affecting motor neurons)
    • Immune System
  • Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
    • Reproductive System (Female - ovaries)
    • Endocrine System (Hormonal disorder)
  • Polycythemia vera
    • Blood (Excess red blood cell production)
  • Polymyalgia rheumatica
    • Muscular System (Muscles – pain and stiffness)
    • Immune System (Likely autoimmune in nature)
  • Polyneuropathy
    • Nervous System (Peripheral nerves)
  • Porphyrias
    • Metabolic disorder affecting various systems depending on the type:
      • Blood (Heme production)
      • Nervous System
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Portal hypertension
    • Digestive System (Liver – increased pressure in the portal vein)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood circulation)
  • Postmortem skin changes
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Postpartum hemorrhage
    • Reproductive System (Female – excessive bleeding after childbirth)
    • Blood (Blood loss)
  • Postpartum period
    • Not a disease, but the time after childbirth. Involves changes in multiple systems:
      • Reproductive System
      • Endocrine System
      • Psychological adjustments
  • Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
    • Immune System (Reaction following a streptococcal infection)
  • Precancerous skin lesions
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Priapism
    • Reproductive System (Male – prolonged erection)
  • Primary biliary cholangitis
    • Digestive System (Liver, Bile ducts)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune in nature)
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism
    • Endocrine System (Adrenal glands – excess aldosterone)
    • Cardiovascular System (Can lead to high blood pressure)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys affected by aldosterone)
  • Primary sclerosing cholangitis
    • Digestive System (Liver, Bile ducts)
    • Immune System (Likely autoimmune in nature)
  • Progressive muscular dystrophies
    • Muscular System (Muscles)
    • Nervous System (Can involve nerves as well)
  • Prostate cancer
    • Reproductive System (Male – Prostate gland)
  • Prostatitis
    • Reproductive System (Male – Prostate gland)
  • Proteinuria
    • Urinary System (Kidneys – protein in the urine)
  • Pruritus
    • Symptom (itching),can arise from diseases in various systems:
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Liver
      • Kidneys, etc.
  • Psoriasis
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune in nature)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – blood clot in the lungs)
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
  • Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart, blood vessels)
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
  • Pyelonephritis
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Pyogenic liver abscess
    • Digestive System (Liver)
    • Immune System (Infection)
  • Rabies
    • Nervous System (Brain, spinal cord – viral infection)
    • Immune System
  • Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid's elbow)
    • Skeletal System (Elbow joint)
    • Muscular System (Ligaments, muscles around the joint)
  • Radial neuropathies
    • Nervous System (Peripheral nerves – radial nerve)
  • Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
    • Immune System (Often autoimmune in nature)
  • Rare inherited syndromes
    • Can affect various systems depending on the specific syndrome. Genetic disorders often have widespread effects.
  • Rare neurological diseases
    • Nervous System (various depending on the specific disease)
  • Rare pneumoconioses
    • Respiratory System (Lungs – diseases from inhaling dusts)
  • Raynaud phenomenon
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – constriction in fingers/toes)
    • Can sometimes be associated with underlying conditions affecting the Nervous System or Immune System
  • Reactive arthritis
    • Skeletal System (Joints)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune reaction, often after an infection)
  • Rectal prolapse
    • Digestive System (Rectum)
    • Muscular System (Pelvic floor muscles)
  • Renal artery stenosis
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – renal artery)
  • Renal cell carcinoma (Kidney cancer)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Renal replacement therapy
    • Not a disease, but treatments for kidney failure (e.g., dialysis, transplantation). Primarily involves the Urinary System.
  • Renal tubular disorders
    • Urinary System (Kidneys – tubules)
  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors
    • Not a disease, but medications. Primarily affect:
      • Cardiovascular System (Blood pressure)
      • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Resident reference sheet
    • Not a disease, but a resource for medical trainees
  • Resting potentials and action potentials
    • Not a disease, but fundamental concepts in cell physiology. Relevant to Nervous System and Muscular System (muscle contraction).
  • Restless legs syndrome
    • Nervous System (Likely involves the brain and spinal cord)
    • Muscular System (Movement of the legs)
  • Retinal detachment
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
  • Retinal vessel occlusion
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood supply to the retina)
  • Retinoblastoma
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
  • Retroperitoneal fibrosis
    • Can affect various structures behind the peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity):
      • Urinary System (Ureters)
      • Digestive System (Parts of the intestines)
      • Cardiovascular System (Major blood vessels)
  • Rhabdomyolysis and crush syndrome
    • Muscular System (Muscle breakdown)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys – can be damaged by muscle breakdown products)
  • Rheumatic fever
    • Immune System (Autoimmune reaction following streptococcal infection)
    • Can affect multiple systems:
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart)
      • Skeletal System (Joints)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
    • Skeletal System (Joints)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune disease)
  • Rhinitis
    • Respiratory System (Nasal passages)
    • Immune System (Often allergic in nature)
  • Rosacea
    • Integumentary System (Skin – facial redness and inflammation)
  • Roseola infantum
    • Integumentary System (Skin rash)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
  • Rotavirus infection
    • Digestive System (Intestines)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
  • Rubella (German measles)
    • Integumentary System (Skin rash)
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
    • Can affect a developing fetus if the mother is infected during pregnancy (Reproductive System)
  • Salicylate toxicity
    • Can affect multiple systems:
      • Nervous System (Confusion, agitation)
      • Respiratory System (Rapid breathing)
      • Digestive System (Nausea, vomiting)
      • Blood (Acid-base disturbances)
  • Sarcoidosis
    • Primarily affects the Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Granuloma formation)
    • Can also involve other systems like the Integumentary System (Skin),Nervous System, or Eyes.
  • Scabies
    • Integumentary System (Skin – infestation by mites)
  • Scaphoid fracture
    • Skeletal System (Bones – wrist bone)
  • Scarlet fever
    • Integumentary System (Skin rash)
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
  • Scheuermann juvenile kyphosis
    • Skeletal System (Spine – abnormal curvature)
  • Schistosomiasis
    • Multiple Systems:
      • Digestive System (Liver, Intestines)
      • Urinary System (Bladder)
      • Immune System (Parasitic infection)
  • Schizophrenia
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • Scleritis and episcleritis
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
  • Scrotal abnormalities
    • Reproductive System (Male – Scrotum)
  • Seborrheic dermatitis
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Second-line lipid-lowering agents
    • Not a disease, but medications. Primarily affect:
      • Cardiovascular System (Affect blood cholesterol levels)
  • Seizure disorders
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • Septic arthritis
    • Skeletal System (Joints)
    • Immune System (Infection of the joint)
  • Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
    • Skeletal System (Joints – primarily spine and sacroiliac joints)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune in nature)
  • Sexuality and sexual medicine
    • Not a specific disease, but a field encompassing multiple systems:
      • Reproductive System
      • Endocrine System (Hormones and sexual function)
      • Nervous System (Sensations, psychological aspects)
  • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
    • Reproductive System (Male and Female)
    • Immune System
    • Can sometimes affect other systems (for example, untreated syphilis can lead to Nervous System damage)
  • Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
    • Integumentary System (Skin rash)
    • Nervous System (Caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus in nerves)
  • Shock
    • Not a specific disease, but a state of circulatory collapse. Can affect all organ systems due to impaired blood flow.
  • Short stature
    • Can have various causes:
      • Skeletal System (Bone growth problems)
      • Endocrine System (Hormonal disorders, like growth hormone deficiency)
      • Genetic conditions
  • Shoulder dislocation
    • Skeletal System (Shoulder joint)
    • Muscular system (Muscles and ligaments surrounding the joint)
  • Shoulder, axilla, and brachial plexus
    • Combination of systems:
      • Skeletal System (Shoulder joint)
      • Muscular System (Muscles of the shoulder and arm)
      • Nervous System (Brachial plexus – nerves supplying the arm)
  • Sick sinus syndrome
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – affects the sinoatrial node, the heart's natural pacemaker)
  • Sickle cell anemia
    • Blood (Red blood cells)
    • Can affect multiple systems due to complications, including the Cardiovascular System, Respiratory System, etc.
  • Signal transduction
    • Not a disease, but fundamental cellular processes. Relevant to understanding diseases across all organ systems.
  • Silicosis
    • Respiratory System (Lungs – disease from inhaling silica dust)
  • Sinusitis
    • Respiratory System (Sinuses)
  • Sjogren syndrome
    • Immune System (Autoimmune disorder)
    • Can affect various systems producing moisture:
      • Sensory System (Eyes – dry eyes)
      • Digestive System (Mouth – dry mouth)
  • Skeletal muscle relaxants
    • Not a disease, but medications primarily affecting the Muscular System.
  • Skin and skin appendage
    • Integumentary System (Skin, hair, nails)
  • Skin and soft tissue infections
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Immune System (Fighting the infection)
  • Skull
    • Skeletal System (Bones of the head)
  • Skull base syndromes
    • Skeletal System (Bones at the base of the skull)
    • Nervous System (Nerves passing through the skull base)
  • Sleep and sleep disorders
    • Nervous System (Brain – sleep-wake regulation)
  • Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
    • Skeletal System (Hip joint)
  • Small intestine
    • Digestive System
  • Sodium disorders
    • Primarily affects the Nervous System (Brain – can cause confusion, seizures)
    • Can be caused by problems in other systems (Urinary System, Endocrine System)
  • Soft tissue lesions of the shoulder
    • Muscular System (Muscles, tendons, ligaments around the shoulder)
  • Somatic symptom and related disorders
    • Nervous System (Brain – how physical symptoms are perceived and interpreted)
  • Spasticity
    • Nervous System (Brain, Spinal Cord – affects muscle control)
    • Muscular System (Increased muscle tone)
  • Specialized nutrition support
    • Not a disease, but therapeutic interventions. Relevant to multiple systems, depending on the reason for needing nutritional support.
  • Spinal cord tracts and reflexes
    • Nervous System (Spinal cord)
  • Spinal muscular atrophy
    • Nervous System (Spinal cord – affects motor neurons)
    • Muscular System (Muscles become weak)
  • Spinal stenosis
    • Skeletal System (Spinal canal – narrowing)
    • Nervous System (Compression of spinal nerves)
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia
    • Nervous System (Brain – cerebellum and spinal cord)
  • Spleen
    • Lymphatic System
    • Immune System
  • Splenic rupture
    • Lymphatic System (Spleen)
  • Splenomegaly
    • Lymphatic System (Spleen – enlargement)
    • Can be caused by various diseases affecting other systems (e.g., Liver diseases, blood disorders)
  • Spondylolisthesis
    • Skeletal System (Spine – vertebra slips out of position)
  • Sports injuries
    • Can affect various systems depending on the injury:
      • Skeletal System
      • Muscular System
      • Nervous System (E.g., concussions)
  • Staphylococcal diseases
    • Can affect multiple systems
      • Integumentary System (Skin infections)
      • Respiratory System (Pneumonia)
      • Bone infections, etc.
  • Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
  • Statins
    • Not a disease, but medications primarily used for lowering cholesterol.
      • Cardiovascular System (Main target)
      • Can sometimes have side effects on Muscular System
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
    • Integumentary System (Skin – severe reaction, often to medication)
    • Immune System (Hypersensitivity reaction)
  • Stiff person syndrome
    • Nervous System (Autoimmune disorder affecting movement control)
    • Muscular System (Muscle stiffness and spasms)
  • Stomach
    • Digestive System
  • Strain-counterstrain
    • Not a disease, but a type of manual therapy technique. Primarily targets the Muscular System and Skeletal System.
  • Stress incontinence
    • Urinary System (Bladder, urethra)
    • Muscular System (Pelvic floor muscles)
  • Subacute thyroiditis
    • Endocrine System (Thyroid gland)
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
    • Nervous System (Bleeding around the brain)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)
  • Subclavian steal syndrome
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)
  • Subdural hematoma
    • Nervous System (Bleeding around the brain)
  • Substance-related and addictive disorders
    • Nervous System (Brain – reward pathways, neurotransmitter alterations)
    • Can have long-term effects on multiple systems (Cardiovascular, Digestive, etc.)
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
    • Not fully understood, but likely involves:
      • Nervous System (Brainstem – control of breathing and arousal)
      • Respiratory System
  • Suicide
    • Not a specific disease, but a major public health concern. Often linked to underlying mental health conditions affecting the Nervous System (Brain).
  • Supraventricular premature beats
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – abnormal rhythm)
  • Sympathomimetic drugs
    • Not a disease, but medications that mimic the sympathetic nervous system. Can affect multiple systems:
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart rate, blood pressure)
      • Respiratory System (Bronchodilation)
      • Nervous System
  • Syncope (Fainting)
    • A symptom, not a specific disease. Often caused by temporary decreases in blood flow to the brain:
      • Cardiovascular System
      • Nervous System (Control of blood pressure)
  • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
    • Endocrine System (Excess antidiuretic hormone)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys – water retention)
    • Nervous System (Can cause brain swelling due to water imbalance)
  • Syphilis
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
    • Can affect multiple systems in its later stages:
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Nervous system
      • Cardiovascular System
  • Syringomyelia
    • Nervous System (Spinal cord – fluid-filled cavity)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, Lupus)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune disorder)
    • Can affect multiple systems:
      • Integumentary System (Skin rashes)
      • Skeletal System (Joints)
      • Urinary System (Kidneys)
      • Cardiovascular System
      • Nervous System
  • Systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma)
    • Immune System (Autoimmune disorder)
    • Integumentary System (Skin thickening)
    • Can affect various internal organs (Digestive System, Lungs, etc.)
  • Tall stature and abnormally rapid growth
    • Endocrine System (Likely excess growth hormone)
    • Skeletal System (Bones)
  • Tenosynovitis
    • Muscular System (Tendons)
    • Skeletal System (Where tendons attach to bones)
  • Tension headaches
    • Nervous System (Brain – pain mechanisms)
    • Muscular System (Tension in neck and head muscles can contribute)
  • Teratogenic birth defects
    • Multiple Systems – depends on the specific teratogen (substance causing the defect),but can affect the developing fetus's organs.
  • Testicular torsion
    • Reproductive System (Male – Testes)
  • Testicular tumors
    • Reproductive System (Male – Testes)
  • Tetanus
    • Nervous System (Toxin affects muscle control)
    • Muscular System (Muscle spasms)
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
  • Thalassemia
    • Blood (Disorder of hemoglobin production)
  • The breasts
    • Integumentary System
    • Reproductive System (Female)
  • The cell
    • Not a disease, but the fundamental unit of all living things. Understanding cell biology is crucial for understanding diseases across all organ systems.
  • The cell cycle
    • Not a disease, but the process of cell division. Relevant to how cells function in all organs, and important for understanding diseases like cancer.
  • The cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and meninges
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • The ear
    • Sensory System (Hearing and balance)
  • The leg, ankle, and foot
    • Multiple systems:
      • Skeletal System (Bones)
      • Muscular System
      • Nervous System
      • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)
  • The menstrual cycle and menstrual cycle abnormalities
    • Reproductive System (Female – Ovaries, Uterus)
    • Endocrine System (Hormonal regulation)
  • The newborn infant
    • Not a disease, but a developmental stage involving multiple systems with unique physiology.
  • The placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac
    • Reproductive System (Female – structures specific to pregnancy)
  • Thigh, knee, and popliteal fossa
    • Multiple systems:
      • Skeletal System (Bones)
      • Muscular System
      • Nervous System
      • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)
  • Thin basement membrane nephropathy
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Thoracic aortic aneurysm
    • Cardiovascular System (Aorta – main blood vessel from the heart)
  • Thoracic cavity
    • Multiple systems contained within:
      • Cardiovascular System (Heart)
      • Respiratory System (Lungs)
      • Digestive System (Esophagus)
      • Lymphatic System (Thymus)
  • Thoracic outlet syndrome
    • Nervous System (Compression of nerves in the upper chest area)
    • Cardiovascular System (Can sometimes affect blood vessels)
  • Thoracic spine and rib osteopathy
    • Skeletal System (Bones of the thoracic spine and ribs)
    • Muscular System (Muscles in the area)
  • Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – inflammation and clots)
  • Thrombocytopenia
    • Blood (Low platelet count)
    • Immune System (Can be due to an autoimmune condition)
  • Thrombosed external hemorrhoid
  • Digestive System (Rectum, Anus)
  • Cardiovascular System (Blood clot in a vein)
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
    • Blood (Clotting disorder)
    • Can potentially affect various organs, including the Nervous System (Brain) and Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Thyroid antibodies
    • Endocrine System (Thyroid)
    • Immune System (Often autoimmune in origin)
  • Thyroid cancer
    • Endocrine System (Thyroid)
  • Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
    • Endocrine System
  • Thyroid nodules
  • Endocrine System (Thyroid)
  • Thyroid surgery
  • Not a disease, but a surgical procedure involving the Endocrine System (Thyroid).
  • Tibial fracture
  • Skeletal System (Tibia – shinbone)
  • Tinea versicolor
  • Integumentary System (Skin – fungal infection)
  • Tinnitus
    • Sensory System (Ears – perception of sound without an external source)
  • Tips and tricks for the USMLE Step 2 CS
    • Not a disease, but relates to medical knowledge and exam-taking skills relevant to all organ systems.
  • Toe deformities
    • Skeletal System (Bones of the toes)
    • Muscular System (Muscles and tendons in the foot)
  • Torticollis
    • Muscular System (Neck muscles)
    • Nervous System (Can sometimes have a neurological cause)
  • Tourette syndrome
    • Nervous System (Brain – involves involuntary movements and vocalizations)
  • Toxoplasmosis
    • Immune System (Parasitic infection)
    • Can affect various systems, including:
      • Nervous System (Brain)
      • Sensory System (Eyes)
    • Reproductive System (Pregnancy risks)
  • Trace elements
    • Not a disease, but nutrients needed in small amounts. Important for the function of various enzymes and systems throughout the body.
  • Transfusion
    • Not a disease, but a medical procedure. Primarily involves the:
      • Blood
      • Immune System (Compatibility is crucial)
  • Transient global amnesia
    • Nervous System (Brain – temporary memory loss)
  • Translation and protein synthesis
    • Not a disease, but fundamental cellular processes. Occur in all cells and therefore relevant to diseases across all organ systems.
  • Transplantation
    • Not a disease, but involves replacing a diseased organ. Relevant to the specific organ being transplanted (e.g., kidney, liver, heart, etc.)
    • Immune System (Crucial for preventing rejection)
  • Trauma- and stressor-related disorders
    • Nervous System (Brain – how traumatic events are processed)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
    • Nervous System (Brain)
  • Traumatic eye injuries
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
  • Tremor
    • Nervous System (Brain – movement control)
    • Muscular System (The visible shaking)
  • Trigeminal neuralgia
    • Nervous System (Trigeminal nerve in the face)
  • Tuberculosis (TB)
    • Respiratory System (Lungs)
    • Immune System (Bacterial infection)
    • Can sometimes spread to other organs
  • Tubulointerstitial diseases
    • Urinary System (Kidneys – tubules and surrounding tissue)
  • Tumor markers
    • Not a disease, but substances that can be elevated in cancer. Can be produced by various organs depending on the specific tumor.
  • Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever
    • Digestive System (Intestines)
    • Immune System (Bacterial infections)
  • Ulcerative colitis
    • Digestive System (Large intestine – colon)
    • Immune System (Inflammatory bowel disease)
  • Ulnar nerve entrapment
    • Nervous System (Peripheral nerves – ulnar nerve)
    • Muscular System (Can affect muscles supplied by the ulnar nerve)
  • Unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy
    • Lymphatic System (Lymph nodes – one side of the neck)
    • Immune System (Often indicates an infection or inflammation nearby)
  • Upper arm and elbow
    • Multiple Systems:
      • Skeletal System (Bones)
      • Muscular System
      • Nervous System
      • Cardiovascular System (Blood vessels)
  • Upper extremity osteopathy
    • Skeletal System (Bones of the upper limb)
    • Muscular System (Muscles in the area)
  • Urethritis
    • Urinary System (Urethra)
    • Can sometimes be related to the Reproductive System (sexually transmitted infections)
  • Urge incontinence
    • Urinary System (Bladder)
    • Nervous System (Control of bladder function)
  • Urinary incontinence
    • Urinary System (Bladder)
    • Nervous System (Control of bladder function)
    • Muscular system (Pelvic floor muscles)
  • Urinary retention
    • Urinary System (Bladder)
    • Nervous System (Control of bladder function)
    • Can sometimes be due to prostate enlargement in males (Reproductive System)
  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
    • Urinary System (Kidneys, Bladder, Urethra)
  • Urinary tract obstruction
    • Urinary System (Can occur at various levels – kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra)
  • Urothelial cancer (Bladder cancer)
    • Urinary System (Bladder)
  • User guide - Browsing the library
    • Not a disease. Relates to medical knowledge and understanding diseases across all systems.
  • User guide - Creating a Qbank session
    • Not a disease. Relates to medical knowledge and understanding diseases across all systems.
  • User guide - Navigating the menu
    • Not a disease. Relates to medical knowledge and understanding diseases across all systems.
  • User guide - Overview
    • Not a disease. Relates to medical knowledge and understanding diseases across all systems.
  • User guide - Viewing learning cards
    • Not a disease. Relates to medical knowledge and understanding diseases across all systems.
  • Uterine leiomyoma (Fibroids)
    • Reproductive System (Female – Uterus)
  • Uterine rupture
    • Reproductive System (Female – Uterus)
  • Uveal melanoma
    • Sensory System (Eyes)
  • Valvular heart diseases
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart)
  • Vascular dementia
    • Nervous System (Brain – caused by reduced blood flow)
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels)
  • Vascular physiology
    • Not a disease, but the study of blood vessel function. Relevant to the Cardiovascular System.
  • Vasculitides
    • Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels – inflammation)
    • Immune System (Often autoimmune in nature)
    • Can affect various other organs depending on the specific vasculitis
  • Ventricular fibrillation
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – abnormal rhythm)
  • Ventricular premature beats
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – abnormal rhythm)
  • Ventricular tachycardia
    • Cardiovascular System (Heart – abnormal rhythm)
  • Vertebral column
    • Skeletal System
  • Vertebral fractures
    • Skeletal System (Vertebrae)
  • Vesicoureteral reflux
    • Urinary System (Kidneys, Ureters)
  • Vestibular neuritis
    • Sensory System (Ears – vestibular system, important for balance)
    • Nervous System
  • Viral hemorrhagic fevers
    • Immune System (Viral infections)
    • Cardiovascular System (Can cause bleeding, shock)
    • Can affect various organs depending on the virus
  • Virtual histology slide box
    • Not a disease, but an educational tool relevant to understanding diseases in all organ systems.
  • Virtual histopathology slide box
    • Not a disease, but an educational tool relevant to understanding diseases in all organ systems.
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
    • Blood (Can lead to anemia)
    • Nervous System (Can cause neurological problems)
    • Digestive System (Affects absorption of B12 in some cases)
  • Vitamin K deficiency bleeding of the newborn
    • Blood (Impaired blood clotting)
  • Vitamins
    • Not a disease, but essential nutrients. Deficiencies can lead to diseases affecting various organ systems.
  • Vitiligo
    • Integumentary System (Skin – loss of pigmentation)
    • Immune System (Likely an autoimmune process)
  • Volvulus and intestinal malrotation
    • Digestive System (Intestines)
  • Vulvar and vaginal cancer
    • Reproductive System (Female)
  • Vulvovaginitis
    • Reproductive System (Female – Vulva, Vagina)
    • Immune System (Often caused by infection)
  • Wallenberg syndrome (Lateral medullary infarction)
    • Nervous System (Brainstem – medulla)
    • Cardiovascular System (Can be due to a blood clot)
  • Wernicke encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome
    • Nervous System (Brain – usually due to thiamine/Vitamin B1 deficiency)
  • Wilms tumor
    • Urinary System (Kidneys)
  • Wilson disease
    • Digestive System (Liver – affects copper metabolism)
    • Nervous System (Brain – can cause neurological problems)
    • Sensory System (Eyes )
  • Wound healing
    • Integumentary System (Skin)
    • Immune System (Involves inflammation and immune cells)
    • Blood (Clotting factors)
  • Wound treatment
    • Not a disease, but involves various systems depending on the wound:
      • Integumentary System (Skin)
      • Possibly others, like the Skeletal System (in the case of bone fractures),etc.
  • Yellow fever
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
    • Digestive System (Liver damage)
    • Can affect various other systems in severe cases
  • Zika virus infection
    • Immune System (Viral infection)
    • Reproductive System (Can be sexually transmitted, risk to developing fetus)
    • Nervous System (Can cause Guillain-Barré syndrome in some cases)

Cardiovascular System

  • Heart
    • Abdominal aortic aneurysm
    • Acute coronary syndrome
    • Acute heart failure
    • Aortic dissection
    • Aortic regurgitation
    • Aortic valve stenosis
    • Atrial fibrillation
    • Atrioventricular block
    • Cardiomyopathy
    • Congenital heart defects (acyanotic and cyanotic)
    • Congestive heart failure
    • Infective endocarditis
    • Mitral regurgitation
    • Mitral valve prolapse
    • Mitral valve stenosis
    • Myocarditis
    • Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade
    • Pericarditis
    • Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale
    • Sick sinus syndrome
    • Supraventricular premature beats
    • Ventricular fibrillation
    • Ventricular premature beats
    • Ventricular tachycardia
  • Blood vessels
    • Aneurysm
    • Carotid artery stenosis
    • Carotid-cavernous fistula
    • Deep vein thrombosis
    • Peripheral arterial disease
    • Raynaud phenomenon
    • Subclavian steal syndrome
    • Thromboangiitis obliterans
    • Varicose veins
    • Vascular dementia
  • Blood
    • Acute leukemia
    • Amyloidosis
    • Anemia (various types)
    • Antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    • Chronic myeloid leukemia
    • Disseminated intravascular coagulation
    • Hemochromatosis
    • Hemolytic anemia
    • Hemophilia
    • Hemolytic uremic syndrome
    • Hodgkin lymphoma
    • Hypercoagulable states
    • Iron deficiency anemia
    • Leukemia (various types)
    • Multiple myeloma
    • Myelodysplastic syndromes
    • Myeloproliferative neoplasms
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
    • Polycythemia vera
    • Sickle cell anemia
    • Thalassemia
    • Thrombocytopenia
    • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Digestive System

  • Mouth
    • Aphthous stomatitis
    • Oral cavity cancer
  • Esophagus
    • Achalasia
    • Esophageal atresia
    • Esophageal barium swallow
    • Esophageal cancer
    • Esophageal diverticula
    • Esophageal perforation
    • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
    • Hiatal hernia
  • Stomach
    • Atrophic gastritis
    • Gastric cancer
    • Gastrinoma
    • Gastrointestinal bleeding
    • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Small Intestine
    • Celiac disease
    • Crohn disease
    • Duodenal atresia and stenosis
    • Giardiasis
    • Intestinal ischemia
    • Intussusception
    • Lactose intolerance
    • Malabsorption syndromes
    • Meckel diverticulum
    • Volvulus and intestinal malrotation
  • Large Intestine
    • Colorectal cancer
    • Colonic polyps
    • Constipation
    • Crohn disease
    • Diverticular disease
    • Hemorrhoids
    • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
    • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
    • Ulcerative colitis
  • Liver
    • Alcoholic liver disease
    • Autoimmune hepatitis
    • Benign liver tumors and hepatic cysts
    • Biliary cancer
    • Budd-Chiari syndrome
    • Cirrhosis
    • Gilbert's syndrome
    • Hepatitis A, B, C
    • Hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
    • Primary biliary cholangitis
    • Primary sclerosing cholangitis
    • Pyogenic liver abscess
    • Wilson disease
  • Gallbladder
    • Cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis
  • Pancreas
    • Acute pancreatitis
    • Chronic pancreatitis
    • Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2)
    • Insulinoma
    • Pancreatic cancer

Respiratory System

  • Nasal Cavity
    • Allergic rhinitis
    • Choanal atresia
    • Nasal papilloma
    • Sinusitis
  • Pharynx
    • Laryngeal cancer
    • Pharyngeal cancer
  • Larynx
    • Croup
    • Epiglottitis
    • Laryngitis
  • Trachea
    • Foreign body aspiration
  • Bronchi
    • Asthma
    • Bronchiectasis
    • Bronchiolitis
  • Lungs
    • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
    • Asbestosis
    • Atelectasis
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Lung cancer
    • Pleural effusion
    • Pneumonia
    • Pneumocystis pneumonia
    • Pneumothorax
    • Pulmonary embolism
    • Sarcoidosis
    • Tuberculosis

Urinary System

  • Kidneys
    • Acute kidney injury
    • Chronic kidney disease
    • Congenital anomalies of the kidney
    • Diabetic nephropathy
    • Glomerular diseases
    • IgA nephropathy
    • Nephritic syndrome
    • Nephrolithiasis
    • Nephrotic syndrome
    • Polycystic kidney disease
    • Pyelonephritis
    • Renal artery stenosis
    • Renal cell carcinoma
    • Renal tubular disorders
    • Urothelial cancer
  • Ureters
    • Megaureter
    • Urinary tract obstruction
  • Bladder
    • Bladder exstrophy
    • Urothelial cancer
  • Urethra
    • Abnormalities of the male urethra
    • Hypospadias
    • Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
    • Urethritis

Endocrine System

  • Hypothalamus
    • Diabetes insipidus
    • Hypopituitarism
  • Pituitary Gland
    • Acromegaly
    • Cushing syndrome
    • Hyperprolactinemia
    • Hypopituitarism
    • Pituitary adenoma
  • Thyroid Gland
    • Goiter
    • Graves disease
    • Hashimoto thyroiditis
    • Hypothyroidism
    • Hyperthyroidism
    • Thyroid cancer
    • Thyroid nodules
  • Parathyroid Glands
    • Hyperparathyroidism
    • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Adrenal Glands
    • Addison's Disease (Adrenal insufficiency)
    • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    • Cushing syndrome
    • Pheochromocytoma
  • Pancreas
    • Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2)
    • Glucagonoma
    • Insulinoma
  • Ovaries (in females)
    • Ovarian cysts
    • Ovarian tumors
    • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
  • Testes (in males)
    • Hypogonadism
    • Testicular cancer

Reproductive System

  • Male Reproductive System
    • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
    • Carcinoma of the penis
    • Disorders of the glans penis and foreskin
    • Erection and ejaculation disorders
    • Epididymitis
    • Hydrocele
    • Prostatitis
    • Sexually transmitted infections (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, etc.)
    • Testicular torsion
    • Testicular tumors
    • Varicocele
  • Female Reproductive System
    • Bartholin gland cyst and abscess
    • Cervical cancer
    • Endometrial cancer
    • Endometriosis
    • Ovarian cysts and tumors
    • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
    • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
    • Sexually transmitted infections (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, etc.)
    • Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma)
    • Uterine prolapse
    • Vaginal cancer
    • Vulvar cancer
    • Vulvovaginitis

Muscular System

  • Skeletal Muscles
    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
    • Muscular dystrophies (various types)
    • Myasthenia gravis
    • Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis (inflammatory myopathies)
    • Rhabdomyolysis and crush syndrome
    • Tendinopathies
  • Smooth Muscles
    • Achalasia (esophagus)
    • Gastroparesis (stomach)

Skeletal System

  • Bones
    • Benign and malignant bone tumors
    • Fragility fractures (related to osteoporosis)
    • Metabolic bone diseases (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, Paget disease)
    • Osteoarthritis
    • Osteomyelitis
  • Joints
    • Gout and pseudogout
    • Inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, etc.)
    • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
    • Osteoarthritis
    • Septic arthritis

Nervous System

  • Brain
    • Alzheimer disease
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
    • Brain abscess
    • Brain tumors
    • Cerebrovascular disease (ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attacks)
    • Concussion and traumatic brain injury
    • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
    • Dementia (various types)
    • Epilepsy and seizures
    • Frontotemporal dementia
    • Headache disorders (migraine, cluster headache, etc.)
    • Hydrocephalus
    • Huntington disease
    • Infections (meningitis, encephalitis)
    • Intracerebral hemorrhage
    • Lewy Body dementia
    • Movement disorders (Parkinson disease, essential tremor, etc.)
    • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
    • Parkinson disease
    • Sleep disorders
    • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
    • Subdural hematoma
  • Spinal Cord
    • Cervical myelopathy, lumbar spondylosis
    • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
    • Spinal cord injury
    • Spinal stenosis
    • Transverse myelitis
  • Peripheral Nerves
    • Carpal tunnel syndrome
    • Diabetic neuropathy
    • Guillain-Barré syndrome
    • Peripheral nerve injuries

Integumentary System (Skin, Hair, Nails)

  • Skin
    • Acne vulgaris
    • Actinic keratosis
    • Alopecia
    • Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
    • Basal cell carcinoma
    • Bullous pemphigoid and other autoimmune blistering diseases
    • Cellulitis, erysipelas
    • Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
    • Drug eruptions
    • Fungal infections (tinea, candidiasis)
    • Herpes simplex and herpes zoster (shingles)
    • Impetigo
    • Lichen planus
    • Melanoma
    • Psoriasis
    • Rosacea
    • Scabies
    • Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Toxic epidermal necrolysis
    • Urticaria (hives)
    • Vitiligo

Lymphatic System

  • Lymph Nodes
    • Hodgkin lymphoma
    • Lymphadenopathy
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Other Lymphatic Organs
    • Asplenia
    • Lymphedema
    • Splenomegaly

Immune System

  • Hypersensitivity reactions
    • Allergies (food allergies, allergic rhinitis, etc.)
    • Anaphylaxis
    • Angioedema
    • Asthma (allergic component)
  • Autoimmune Diseases
    • Autoimmune hepatitis
    • Autoimmune blistering diseases
    • Crohn disease
    • Hashimoto thyroiditis
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • Myasthenia gravis
    • Psoriasis
    • Rheumatoid arthritis
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
    • Type 1 diabetes
  • Immunodeficiency
    • AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
    • Congenital immunodeficiencies

Sensory Organs

  • Eyes
    • Age-related macular degeneration
    • Cataracts
    • Conjunctivitis
    • Corneal disorders
    • Diabetic retinopathy
    • Glaucoma
    • Ocular motility disorders and strabismus
    • Retinal detachment
    • Uveitis
  • Ears
    • Acoustic neuroma
    • Hearing loss
    • Ménière disease
    • Otitis externa
    • Otitis media
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